An increase in the production of TNF as well as CCL-18 in atherosclerotic plaques compared with the unaffected human aortic intima was detected. However, atherogenic LDL decreased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF and in creased anti-inflammatory modulation of macrophages, stimulate by modified LDL. The nature of this effect persisted when measuring the secretion of TNF and CCL-18, although the degree of severity of the effect was reduced. Balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines re quires further study, as it determines the dynamics of atherosclerotic lesions. 

Key words: atherosclerosis, cytokines, macrophages, low density lipoprotein, inflammation